Adventure English Essay - 763 Words

â€Å"Adventure English: Experiences with Face-Saving† Case study: week 2 writing assignment Part 1. How did Jackie Wong establish a relationship with Cory Wright and the Adventure English company? How does this relate to the notion of face? Principal Jenny Chan that knew Jackie Wong had recommended the Adventure English Company to Jackie Wong. She had guided a school from their region to the Adventure English Company. She said their children were very happy. And that they made a very safe and valuable trip for them. This relates to the notion of face through the recommendation of Jenny Chan that was happy and that the children were happy. It was of truth that she had experienced already. How do you think†¦show more content†¦Phillips gave to the students first as to the Taiwan group gave gifts to highest of position first to the lowest. Superintendent Li may have felt a loss of face, because Phillips had embarrassed him in front of everyone. And the force of having to open the gift of right there, right now it was not in their custom. Part 3. Do you think Jackie Wong’s apology was based on a feeling that Jackie had done something wrong? Why? How do you think Robin Phillips interpreted the apology? Why? No I don’t think that Jackie Wong’s apology was based on a feeling that he had done something wrong. It is due to the lost of face he was trying to avoid confrontation with Robin Phillips so he was being apologetic. Robin Phillips interpreted the apology as if there was a problem that needed to be dealt with. He wanted the group to have their needs met. Why didn’t Superintendent Li voice her concerns when Robin Phillips approached her? Superintendent Li may not have voiced her concerns when Robin Phillips approached her. Because in this culture they try to avoid any confrontation. I also feel that Robin Phillips was to up front and forward. This had caused Superintendent to lose face with Phillips. Epilogue: Part 4. Why do you think Jackie Wong and Superintendent Li would not return phone calls or other communications? They were not returning phone calls or other communications do to Jackie and Li had lost-face with Robin Phillips do to theShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Summaries Honors English 13451 Words   |  14 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Summaries Honors English 1 Ansh Patel Chapter 1 The book begins with the Huck Finn stating that he was a character in a different book â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer†. Huck says that the author Mark Twain mostly told the truth in that book, but also threw a couple stretchers in there. He talks about how he and Tom found 6,000 dollars each from inside of a cave. Their earnings were taken by the local judge, Judge Thatcher, and put into a bank account. 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A Review of Think Through Math

Think Through Math (TTM) is an interactive online mathematics program designed for students in grades 3-Algebra I. It was created in its current form in 2012 and was a spin-off of the popular Apangea Math program. The program provides users with both direct instruction and remediation. Think Through Math was developed to prepare students for the Common Core State Standards and the rigorous assessments associated with the standards.   Students are enrolled in a unique pathway based on their grade level. Students are also given an adaptive assessment that prescribes precursor activities designed to build skills needed to achieve grade-level proficiency. These activities are added to the pathway. Each lesson in a pathway is divided into six unique skill-building components including a pre-quiz, warm up, focus, guided learning, practice, and a post-quiz. Students who demonstrate proficiency on the pre-quiz for a particular subtopic are able to move ahead. Think Through Math is a revolutionary program for student learning. It combines a unique blend of adaptive assessment, skill building, student motivation, and individualized live instruction. The entire program is geared to enhance classroom learning by filling gaps that a particular student may have and prepares them to meet the rigor of the Common Core State Standards. Key Components Think Through Math makes it simple to add a single student or a whole class by uploading a data template. It has terrific reporting that makes it easy to monitor individual student or whole class progress. It also has a terrific and easy to use interface making it easy for teachers and students to monitor usage, check performance, compare accomplishments, and check goals. Think Through Math allows and encourages students to access the program at home after school and on weekends to maximize the impact of the program. Think Through Math allows teachers to send messages to directly to individual students through the messaging system. Students are only able to receive these messages. They cannot send or respond. Instructional With Diagnostic Components Think Through Math provides both direct instruction and intensive remediation within the same program. It places each student in a â€Å"pathway† containing skills needed to be successful at a particular grade level. It also provides students with an initial adaptive assessment which assigns precursor activities designed to remediate the skills needed to do the required grade level work. Think Through Math continuously monitors and adapts to the individual, adding new material, based on performance throughout the program. Think Through Math Is Motivational Think Through Math allows users to create and personalize their own unique avatar. It provides continuous contests across multiple categories for terrific prizes such as an iPod touch, gift cards, etc. It also allows teachers to set classroom goals for a pizza party or ice cream party. Students can then donate their points towards that goal, and when the class reaches the goal, the teacher will receive a gift card to help purchase the goodies for the party. Think Through Math allows students to donate their points to charity. $10,000 points $1.00. Charities that they can donate to include St. Jude’s Children Hospital, World Wildlife Fund, Make-A-Wish Foundation, The Boys and Girls Club of America, The Wounded Warrior Project, Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, PACER’s National Bullying Prevention Center, and American Red Cross. The program provides users with incentives and rewards. Each time they complete an activity, they earn points. They can use their points to purchase new features for their avatar, donate points to a charity, or they can give points towards a goal their class is trying to achieve as discussed previously. Think Through Math provides users with badges for achieving goals or reaching for milestones within the program. There are four levels of badges including bronze (easiest), silver, gold, and diamond (hardest). Students can see both the badges they have earned and those they have not earned. They can then work towards earning badges they do not have. Think Through Math provides students will printable certificates each time they pass an individual topic. Think Through Math Is Comprehensive Think Through Math is Common Core aligned in content, process, and assessment that encourages critical thinking and problem-solving development. It provides students with access to a calculator, critical math formulas, and key mathematics vocabulary terms at any time within the program. Think Through Math has an audio tool available in both English and Spanish that allows questions and answer choices to be read to struggling readers or English Language Learners. Think Through Math gives students the opportunity to demonstrate mastery by taking a pre-quiz over a particular topic. A pre-quiz consists of eight questions. A student who demonstrates mastery on the pre-quiz will immediately move on to the next lesson. It provides students with a three question â€Å"Warm Up† activity designed to activate prior knowledge by reviewing the math skills you have already mastered, but that is essential to the new skill you will be learning. The program provides you with step by step illustrations and explanations for solving each problem no matter whether you get them correct or incorrect. Think Through Math provides students with a three question â€Å"Guided Learning† activity allowing you to work through the new math. It also provides students with multiple help features within the â€Å"Guided Learning† activity. This occurs through a learning coach. To receive help simply click on the learning coach at any time. If you have not answered the question, an explanation of the concept with visuals will pop up to help you. If you answer the questions incorrectly, an explanation of the concept will pop up. If you still do not understand, you may again click on your learning coach. A box will pop up asking you if you want to work with a teacher. Click â€Å"teacher† and you are able to connect to a live certified math teacher that will walk you through the process and answer any questions you have. If you have audio and a microphone, you can have a direct conversation with them. If you do not, then you can communicate with each other in a text chat. Think Through Math provides students with a ten question â€Å"Independent Practice† activity allowing them to practice what they learned and to use the feedback to understand the concept further. Think Through Math provides the student with an eight-question â€Å"Post-Quiz† activity allowing them to demonstrate their understanding of the new concept. Students are only given one attempt per question. If they fail, they will have to retake or remediate the concept. Key Reports An overview report allows you to monitor how many lessons each student has attempted and passed and gives you pass rate percentages for both target and precursor lessons, while a student detail report provides you with a detailed progress report for each individual student. An individual pathway report provides you with a detailed overview of the progress that an individual student is making on their individual pathway, while the standards report allows you to monitor student progress based on individual state standards or the Common Core State Standards. Cost Think Through Math does not publish their overall cost for the program. However, each subscription is sold as an annual subscription cost per seat. There are several other factors that will determine the final cost of the programming including the length of the subscription and how many seats you will be purchasing.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research Think Through Math is a research-based program. Its development spans over two decades. It is grounded on the foundation of helping students analyze and solve word problems effectively. This is done through the principles of active problem solving, explicit instruction, gradual release, elaboration theory, categorization of a prototype, mastery learning, a zone of proximal development, assessment and differentiation, and worked examples. In addition, Think Through Math has been the focus of several critical field studies involving more than 30,000 students across seven different states.

Helicobacter Pylori Molecular Mimicry between Pathogen and Host Free Essay Example, 3750 words

Until 1991, medical microbiologists had been teaching that the stomach environment was too harsh to support microbes. This changed following the discovery of Helicobacter pylori, which opened an exciting new chapter in our understanding of bacterial life (Rabeneck and Ranshoff, 1991). Helicobacter pylorus not only grows and thrives in the stomach, but it may also be responsible for 90% of gastric and duodenal ulcers, though most infections are asymptomatic. Helicobacter pylori produce large amounts of urease, which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Bacteria survive the stomach environment by being surrounded by ammonia molecules, which neutralize stomach acids. Many bacteria invade the mucin layer, but only H. pylori have the adhesins that bind to mucosal cells. These adhesins include Lewis blood group O antigens, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, sialic acid, and laminin. H. pylori also produce cytotoxins that cause the symptoms of peptic ulcers. The cytotoxins produce vacuol es within the mucosal cells lining the stomach and small intestine. When the injected mucosal cells die, gastric acids and digestive enzymes cause the formation of ulcers. H. pylori isolated from patients with peptic ulcer disease and with gastric cancer contained a 38-kb fragment of DNA that was not present in asymptomatic carriers. We will write a custom essay sample on Helicobacter Pylori: Molecular Mimicry between Pathogen and Host or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Reid Animal Farm Communism By Me, Carson Kiefer, Grant...

Reid: Animal Farm Communism by me,Carson Kiefer, Grant Mcnatt,Mason Friant and Jourdin Edwards Jourdin: Our main questions and topics of this presentation were how communism is supposed to work? How did it actually play out when the Soviet Union adopted it? Did any other countries adopt communism? How has it worked for them? But, before we can get into all the deep questions,controversies and bias we first have to know some background information on communism, how it was formed and just some important points.First you should know where it all started. The original â€Å"father† of communism was Karl Marx and he came up with a theory to get rid of social,and financial classes and for everyone to be equal in practically every single way. This†¦show more content†¦And lastly would be the achievement of utopia. This phase has never been completed because in order for it to happen ALL other forms of government in the world must be abolished prior to achieving the utopia for everyone to be truly equal. Carson: Marx’s system was for the government to create high income taxes and takes property until the state/country owns everything and the people own nothing making them â€Å"equal†. His system also had several principles including the government having complete control over education,labor, and communication vehicles(i.e.the media), the government has ownership of transportation,agricultural means and factories. Nobody has ownership of private property, no rights to their inheritance, there’s a heavy income tax on everyone. Basically the government owns everything and the people own nothing. Grant:What actually happened when Russia adopted communism was far from the idea of Karl Marx.After Russia had overturned the Tsarist rule and established a communist country they were actually doing pretty good for a while,the system was working fine,the people were happy and everyone was â€Å"equal†.After a Vladimir Lenin(head of government) got out of office a man named Joseph Stalin came into office. This is where it all went wrong. Stalin changed the leadership, and rules in the government and became a dictator. Millions of citizens died during his reign, although he turned the peasant society of the Soviet Union

HRD Different Perspectives, Aims, and Objectives Free Essays

Different paradigms present different perspectives of HARD (Human Resource Development) in terms of its aims and objectives. Consequently, it important to understand the different paradigms since each paradigm will have different approaches while solving HARD related problems. Experts advise that individuals build their personal beliefs regarding which paradigm suits his or her practice. We will write a custom essay sample on HRD: Different Perspectives, Aims, and Objectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now In our context, It is best to divide HARD into two different paradigms, the performance, and the learning paradigm since they are definite. Moreover, the learning paradigm and the performance paradigm overlook most of the HARD practice as well as the thinking. The learning paradigm Is especially predominant In HARD practice In the United States of America. The learning paradigm and the performance paradigm are very dissimilar in many aspects. For instance, as the learning paradigm focuses on individual learning the performance paradigm focuses on the individual performance improvement. Learning paradigm of HARD is the field of study and practices that nature a long- term work-related learning capacity in an organization at all levels I. . Individual, organizational, and group levels. The performance paradigm of HARD is the art of realizing units of mission-related outputs. In addition, performance can be an organized system meant to accomplish a purpose or a mission. Though the two paradigms are diverse, they both agree on some aspects, for Instance they both agree that Improvement of organizations Is through human expertise. Different experts and philosophers hold different perspectives on the performance aspect. Performance can be as a natural outcome of humans’ actively, reference is an important input in economic activities, or performance can also be a tool of oppression. There are different views held regarding then learning paradigm. Learning is a humanistic Endeavor, as it enhances the potential of human beings. Learning can also end up being an oppressive tool, for instance in the context of communism where learning is used to control the society. Learning is an instrument for the transmission of information needed by individuals. Nevertheless, it would be ignorant to draw that the two paradigms cannot converge since HARD operates best under Integration of the two. Chapter 8 Primary, the chapter Is about the theories on performance. Performance theory varies In comparison to the learning theory since It concentrates on teams, processes, organizational systems, and Individuals. Organizational effectiveness Is the mall precursor to performance and can be in different models. It can be a goal model, constituencies model. HARD is not the only discipline interested in performance and consequently analyzing HARD is normally on a basis on the different perspectives of performances. There are other different perspectives such as performance is a ultrasonically phenomenon. Performance models are of wide ranges of disciplines such as sociology, ethics, quality, psychology, and etcetera. Individual level performance models were because of HARD since; HARD has its foundation on individual learning. The models are the human performance technology and they try to define the common individual performance and the factors influencing individual performance. The financial performance entails the financial benefits of the HARD programs. Different factors influence the HARD profession such as the value-laden myths. Some of the myths are that the cost of HARD is high, it is impossible to quantify the benefits of HARD or that giving organizations the HARD they want is appropriate. Breaches enterprise model and Rumbles model provide integrated framework to achieve competitive advantage. Other common representative models are the John Campbell taxonomy and Thomas Gilbert’s human performance engineering model. The integration of the performance models bring about new perspectives to HARD research, practice, and thinking. Chapter 9 This chapter focuses on the different perspectives of learning and the different preventative theories on learning in HARD. Learning is at the core of HARD and all debates ever carried out suggest that HARD embrace learning. The basic theories are six and include humanism, constructivism, holistic learning, social learning, behaviorism, and cognitive. These theories can apply in all the learning settings as well as for all age groups. Learning models can be at individual levels and at organizational levels. In the recent past, androgyny has been a theory of adult learning, a set of assumptions regarding adult learners, and a method of adult education. At individual levels is the androgyny that is a principal adult learning in HARD. On an adult learning perspective, it is a genuine trial to focus on the adult learner. Ontological model avails core standards of important and key hypotheses on adult learners. Another king of learning that is increasingly gaining attention is the transformational learning. This kind of learning is deep and requires the learner to challenge the fundamental assumptions and the mental schema they hold regarding the world. In relation to mental schema are restructuring, accretion, and tuning here accretion and tuning entails no change or incremental changes in an individual’s schemata and restructuring involves creating a new schema. Organizational learning is learning that occurs at system level and not at individual levels. The main feature differentiating individual and organizational learning is that individual learning makes their mental models precise. HARD develops the knowledge for organizations to be competitive in the economy. Swanson. A, Hilton. F, Hilton, E. Foundations of Human Resource Development. London: Barrett-Koehler Publishers, 2001. How to cite HRD: Different Perspectives, Aims, and Objectives, Papers

Sustainability Governance Characteristics Method †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Governance Characteristics Method. Answer: Evaluating and identifying the threats haunting auditor independence: There are certain threats to auditing independence, which is why audit evaluation follows Generally Accepted Auditing Standards. Auditor independence meaning states that freedom of conducting ethical auditing without any interference fromexternal or internal parties. Arens, Elder and Beasley (2014) stated that auditors during 2008 crisis were forced to comply with the unethical ways of an organisation. Moreover, audit independence is an essential feature, which is enjoyed by auditors while conducting an evaluation on the company. This mainly allows the auditor to portray an unbiased opinion of the companys current financial status. On the other hand, Arens et al. (2015) argue that auditors audit report is influenced by unethical monetary gains provided by the company. There are certain services both Audit and non-audit are conducted, which are provided by auditors to their customers. These non-audit services could be identified as major source of economic promotional services and tax related services. Moreover, non-audit services mainly raise chance of auditors to increase their income from the same client. Birkey et al. (2016) stated that due to the non-audit services provided auditors mainly hamper audit independence hampered which increases the chance of unethical activities between the auditor and the organisation. On the other hand, Byrnes et al. (2015) argued that audit quality is often dealt with precision, as auditors tend to portray wrong valuation of company due to lucrative offers provided by the organisation. One of the major threats is Advocacy is identified, which could hamper independence of auditors in conducting the audit report. In the current situation, advocacy is mainly identified, as the major threat to auditor independence. The advocacy threat mainly refers to quality of audit, which is been provided by the auditor for certain organisation. The stakeholders do not trust the audit report and think this been compromised, which depicts the advocacy threat. Auditor is rendering advocacy services to organisation mainly compromises with auditors independence deduce actual financial condition of an organisation. Second situation: The second situation mainly states that Audit Independence is highly threatened if the auditor takes non-monetary and monetary benefits from the organisation, which is being audited. Cohen and Simnett (2014) stated that use of non-monetary benefits allows companies to influence the auditors and in turn shape the audit report according to the needs. According to the audit rules, auditors could not take any other benefits other than that mentioned in the audit agreement. In the current situation, there is a holiday package route, which is being presented to the auditing firm members. Acceptance of the non-monetary benefit could eventually affect the overall auditor independence, which could be stated as an unethical approach of the organisation. As depicted in the second situation the audit firm should stop receiving non-monetary gains from the organisation to reduce threat of audit independence. Furthermore, improving the Audit Independence Organisations is not allowed to use auditors who are related to the companies personally. The accommodation of relative in the audit report might increase the influence of the organisation on audit independence. According to the Australian audit law, auditors related to organisations, employees or owner is not allowed to conduct the audit report. This prevention is only implemented to reduce unethical audit procedures and improve viability of the audit report. The current situation states that father of the accountant auditor is a financial control of the business and if Michael accepts the offer for being a part of audit report then it might and hamper independence of the auditor (DeFond and Zhang 2014). This could nullify the audit report and increase doubt regarding the activities of the organisation. For protecting the audit, Independence auditors are mainly barred from associating with organisations employees, and directors. This restriction is mainly imposed to reduce the unethical influence, which might be posted on auditor and hamper the audit report. Auditors are mainly barred from contacting with organisations employees as they could develop a sympathetic side, which might hamper audit independence. This sympathy might directly affect auditors report and reduce its viability while increasing doubt among stakeholders.Duncan and Whittington (2014) stated that auditors are responsible for delivering the adequate valuation of the company and is the expected to provide the report without any emotional, unethical and influence. In this situation, the auditor has many offer services to the company in context to tax calculation and accounting transactions. This could lead to self-audit evaluation of the auditor, which is an unethical activity conducted by the auditor. Depicting any kind of protection for the above method threats: Changing the audit partner good mainly help in reducing the over familiarity threat and by any chance of manipulation in audit independence. Changing audit partner could not influence the effectiveness of the audit quality both historical and new data will be provided to the new audit partner. This could help in improving the audit quality and reducing any chance of unethical activities (Eilifsen et al. 2013). The main motive for the audit committee will only be to ensure transparency assurance in the audit report, which could only be attend if the audit Independence is not hampered. Thus, the audit committees main motive will be to ensure availability of relative information and reduction of unethical measures. The international auditing and ethical standards could be employed in the organisation for reducing the complexity and improving the audit procedures. This could eventually help in enhancing the audit report and reduced any unethical activities hampering audit independence (Hayes, Wallage and Gortemaker 2014). The independence of auditors could be monitored and checked whether any political or professional influence is been implemented on the auditor's. This evaluation could mainly help in providing the relevant transparency to the audit report and help in confining the confidential data of the organisation. Moreover, auditor needs to follow ethical standards while conducting the audit report, which is depicted in the code of ethics. This auditing standards many allow the auditor tomake adequate judgements during the audit procedure and reduce any kind of unethical activities in the organisation. The code of conduct mainly states the minimum measures, which must be taken by the auditor while conducting the audit report (Junior, Best and Cotter 2014). The use of above mentioned ethical standards and measures could mainly allow the auditor to reduce any influence on independent auditing. This reduction in influencing the independent auditing could eventually help the auditor to portray the adequate financial condition to stakeholders of the company. Depicting the overall risk of spare part inventory: There is relevant organisation who considers management factors to help take adequate steps in reducing the risk factor hindering the progress of the organisation. Some of the major risk, which could be identified for the organisation, is commercial risk, health and safety risk, and reputation risk. The violations of these could lead to declining in revenues and reduced its profitability. Louwers et al. (2013) stated that use of adequate risk evaluation techniques could help organisation to develop a strategic plan for confrontingthe future risk. On the other hand,Marques, Santo and Santos (2013) argued that without adequate research and valuation strategic plan could backfire and increase the damages, which could have beendealt by the risk. There are certain operational risks also with the spare parts inventory system, which might hamper the overall capability of the company to support its production activities. Thus, for reducing the operational risk companies are needed to implement policies for stocking the current inventory system. The organisation is mainly responsible for managing the overall operational risk my assuring adequate implementation of approaches, which could manage inventory in an adequate way.Ojala et al. (2016) stated that reduction in operational risk mainly allows organisation to improve their productivity and fulfil demands of their customers. On the other hand, Peter and Romi (2014) argued that lack in adequate inventory control could increase expenses of the company and in turn reduce the projected profits and block essential capital. Strategic risk could be considered as one of the risk, which accommodates inventory management of spare parts.Inventory management ofspare parts is one of the major risks, which is faced by an organisation. Increment in spare parts could lead to blockage of capital, and reduction in Inventory of spare parts could delay or halt production activity. Thus, it is necessary for the organisation to use an effective financial management activity for spare part inventory. Businesses mainly need to focus on both finance and stocks for reducing the risk level, which might increase the chance of loss. Srivastava, Rao and Mock (2013) stated that large quantity purchases could mainly increase chance of capital blockage, which could lead to reduction in production. Therefore, if a company is not able to comply with large stock purchase and extended downtime, it could use an effective inventory system, which replenishes stock according to the use of the organisation. On the other hand, Schmidt, Woo d and Grabski (2016) argued thatnot only spare part inventory system, the whole inventory method need to be revaluated to increase efficiency and minimise capital blockage of the organisation. According to the scenario, it is essential for the company to find an effective strategy, which might help in managing the spare parts effectively and reduce the risk associated with inventory system. Identifying the audit risk and its impact on account balance: There is relevant audit risk and it has an impact on a account balance, which could reduce viability of the audit report. In the current selection, inherent risk is many identified as the risk, which is affecting the financial report. Inherent risk is mainly considered an error omission in the financial report. So the more complexity of the transactions mainly increases the chance of inherent risk, which might hamper liability of the audit report and negatively affect companies reputation. This type of risk mainly has an effect on inventory balance and accounts receivable. In addition, the inherent risk also affects certain transactions and accounts where actual transaction loss or profit could not be detected. William, Glover and Prawitt (2016) mainly stated that inherent risk effectively reduces by implementing different auditing procedures. However, the occurrence of inheritance risk mainly increases the chance of manipulation, which might be conducted within the organisation. There are certain risks, which could be related to operations and are termed as detection risk. This type of detection risk is mainly conducted when auditor is unable to identify or detect a material misstatement associated with the organisation. This type of risk mainly appears when auditors fail in implementing relevant processes in the audit procedure. The state of detection is mainly considered to be beyond the capability of an accountant and thus it might influence balance of accounts. Thus, it could be considered that accounts are prone to greater risk if adequate detection risk is not reduced. There are three different types of accounts, which portray higher risk to revenue account, sales account and inventory account. Within these accounts does a chance of detection risk, which could hamper viability of the audit report. Wong and Millington (2014) stated operational risk only be reduced if auditors are able to back calculate all the relevant activities and detect the material misstatement. Reference: Arens, A., Elder, R. and Beasley, M., 2014. Auditing and assurance services-An integrated approach; includes coverage of international standards and global auditing issues, in addition to coverage of.Boston: Aufl. Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J., Beasley, M.S. and Jones, J., 2015.Auditing: The Art and Science of Assurance Engagements. Pearson Canada. Birkey, R.N., Michelon, G., Patten, D.M. and Sankara, J., 2016, September. Does assurance on CSR reporting enhance environmental reputation? An examination in the US context. In Accounting Forum (Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 143-152). Elsevier. Byrnes, P.E., Al-Awadhi, C.A., Gullvist, B., Brown-Liburd, H., Teeter, C.R., Warren Jr, J.D. and Vasarhelyi, M., 2015. Evolution of Auditing: From the Traditional Approach to the Future Audit.Audit Analytics, p.71. Cohen, J.R. and Simnett, R., 2014. CSR and assurance services: A research agenda.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), pp.59-74. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research. Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.275-326. Duncan, B. and Whittington, M., 2014, September. Compliance with standards, assurance and audit: does this equal security?. InProceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks(p. 77). ACM. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013.Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Hayes, R., Wallage, P. and Gortemaker, H., 2014.Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. 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PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION THEORY (742 words) Essay Example For Students

PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION THEORY (742 words) Essay PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION THEORYTraditional sociological analyses tie secondary socialization sources to behavior, usually using linkage through stress. Situations, personal traits, etc. lead to stress, and drugs relieve them. According to Oetting and Donnermeyer, these secondary socialization sources operate only via their effects on primary socializations sources. Unless a personality trait, a community characteristic, stress, or any other factor influences bonding with the primary socialization sources or alters the communication of norms through those sources, the theory proposes that there will be little or no effect on deviant behaviors. (Oetting and Donnermeyer, 1998)Thus far (there is to be a series of three articles, only one of which has been published) the major analysis has been of adolescents. Three primary sources of socialization are proposed: family, school and peer groups. While any of these groups are capable of transmitting both prosocial and deviant norms, family and school are seen as being primarily prosocial and peer groups carrying the main risk of trasmitting deviant norms. Family socialization contains two components which impact an adolescents risk for deviance: the strength of the family bond, and the use of those bonds to transmit prosocial norms. Dysfunctional families may either alienate their children and/or provide deviant normative information to them. The family bond of concern in these cases is not just a matter of support of love. It is more specifically limited to the level to which an individual is willing to accept and adopt values and norms from the family, and thus to behave accordingly. Society currently assigns schools the responsibility of transmitting certain cultural and behavioral norms. In the same way that there are dysfunctional families, there are also dysfunctional schools which have parallel weaknesses. The typical image of a dysfunctional school, of the resignation to chaos and deviance is only one type. Even in the best schools, there will be alienated peer groups. Poor grades, disciplinary problems etc. tend to erode the bond between an adolescent and school, and thus erode the ability of the school to transmit prosocial norms. These students are forced outside the circle in which other peers may be receiving normative socialization. Studies of these disaffected groups have shown that students experiencing alienation, lack of success within the school framework, and other problems with deriving rewards from school have a greater tendency toward drug use and deviancy in general. Peer groups form the last primary socialization group, and have the greatest impact on those alienated from the first two groups. These groups may be formed on the basis of, among other things, ethnicity or activity including drug use. An individuals choice of peer group has been shown to correlate with their risk of drug use/abuse (Oetting and Donnermeyer, 1998). Primary socialization theory thus provides a powerful tool in analyzing the sources of risk for subtance abuse. It integrates many other theories, and thus its applicability is extremely wide. In terms of policy implications, it points to the importance of maintaining social ties between family, school and adolescents. Moreover, it can reveal certain alienating aspects of punishment as counterproductive in the schools role as transmitter of prosocial norms. Finally, it suggests that a certain emphasis in creating social bonding among recovering addicts is uniquely important in successfully treating addiction. As an overall theme, there are two components to all of these instances. First, there must be a strong social bond of a very unique sort. It is one among people who draw upon each other when making normative judgements intimate to their lives, or more specifically, the course of action with respect to drugs. Identification with this group with respect to the judgement at hand is essential for the adoption of similar norms. The second component is that these bonds must become used to transmit that normative information. Strong bonds do not prevent drug use if that identity does not in some way involve a consideration of drug use as deviant. .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 , .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 .postImageUrl , .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 , .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0:hover , .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0:visited , .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0:active { border:0!important; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0:active , .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0 .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua8dd1a3ff017cee8d20905da292e26d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wellness centers, health clubs, gyms and spas are EssayFinally, the limitations of this theory must also be considered. That is, in some cases, drug use stems from a perception that all social bonds have been severed. Thus the behavior is not learned from an intimate peer group, but from the environment in general. In this case, the old-fashioned analysis of stress relief has more effect, and the prescription for treatment may differBibliographyOetting, E.R. and Donnermeyer, J.F. Primary Socialization Theory: The Etiology of Drug Use and Deviance. I. Substance Use and Misuse 33 (4): 995-1026 (1991)